This interdisciplinary volume is a history and comparative examination of major biological warfare programmes up to 1945. It analyses the origins of biological warfare planning and preparation up to the end of World War II. During World War II several countries developed major biological warfare programmes. Their relevance to contemporary concerns is addressed. The argument is made that the verification protocol to strengthen the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, now being negotiated, ought to be adopted.

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