Two ideological movements emerged in Quebec after World War II to challenge the tenets of traditional French-Canadian political culture. One group, which included Trudeau and other dedicated young social democrats and liberals, was associated with "Cité libre" and organized labour. The other, the neo-nationalists, were equally dedicated young journalists and intellectuals, associated with "L'Action nationale" and "Le Devoir". In these competing movements lay the roots of the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s.

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