This study focusses on the relationship between Old French verse romances and the women who formed a part of their audience, and challenges the commonly held view that all courtly literature promoted the social welfare of the noblewomen to whom romances were dedicated or addressed. Using reader-response theory, feminist criticism, and recent historical studies, Roberta Krueger provides close readings of a selection of texts, both well-known and less well-known, to show an intriguing variety of portrayals of women: misogynistic, idealizing, and didactic. She suggests that romances not only taught their audiences idealized models of masculine and feminine behavior, but also invited their readers to criticize and to resist gender roles