Kiska forms a dramatic cultural landscape, a battlefield pure and simple. With little landscape modification before World War II, and virtually no modification thereafter, Kiska is a unique place to illustrate the effects of modern air-borne warfare. Bomb craters and damaged ground installations speak of the damage wrought by the attacking forces, while anti-aircraft guns and the broken remains of shot-down aircraft testify to the defenders' resolve and the ultimate price paid by many American aircrew.