Ideas of democracy and political liberalization have recently become central to political debate within and about the Middle East. The current focus on the merits of democratic practice in many areas of the world, coupled with the spread of economic liberalism, will inevitably, according to some accounts, bring about a measure of political pluralism. Against this, the persistence of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East, together with the fragility of experiments with democracy, has revived an old argument among some Western academics and among many proponents of cultural nationalism within the Middle East, that Islam and democracy are essentially irreconcilable. This book brings together many of the best-known writers on Middle Eastern politics to address the issues that inform the debate. In particular, the contributors challenge the assumption that the Middle East is a unique case, resistant to the social, economic and ideological trends that shape politics throughout the world. The authors draw on a rich fund of theory and refer to a number of national cases to discuss social change, institutional evolution and the prevailing political discourse in the Middle East and to offer new framework within which to analyse the process of democratization.