This comprehensive study examines the development and application of hydraulic engineering across ancient civilizations over a span of 5,000 years. The author, Pierre-Louis Viollet, explores the sophisticated water management systems, structures, and technologies developed by early societies, providing insights into the engineering knowledge and practices that shaped the ancient world. The work is intended for water professionals, engineers, scientists, and students interested in the historical evolution of hydraulic systems and their impact on the development of human settlements and agriculture.