"In this work Stephen C. Poulson illuminates the following social movements: the 1890-1892 Tobacco Movement; the 1906-1909 Constitutional Revolution; two post-World War II movements, led by the Tudeh party and the National Front; the 1963 Qom Protest; the 1978-1979 Iranian Revolution; and the activities of postrevolutionary reform groups. These movements have confronted two primary questions: How should the Iranian state achieve independence in the world? What rights should individual Iranians enjoy in their political and social system? Poulson examines the continuity and change in how various Iranian political actors have framed and answered these questions during important periods of social protest."--Jacket.