In The Jews among the Greeks and Romans, Margaret Williams assembles, assesses, and contextualises literary and archaeological evidence relating to the Jewish communities outside the land of Israel. The sourcebook covers the period beginning with the Diaspora, which resulted from the chaos of Alexander the Great's death in 323 B.C.E., and concluding with the demise of the Jewish Patriarchate around 420 C.E. This was a time that saw, first, the rapid opening up of opportunities for Jews and then, in the century after Constantine, the gradual but inexorable raising of barriers against them.