Knowledge about Timor's abundant offshore and onshore oil and gas reserves was the main economic rationale for Indonesia's annexation of East Timor - and the Western nations' tacit approval of this gross violation of human rights. This book outlines Timor's oil history and its underlying role in the present Timor conflict and the U.S. oil interests in this conflict. In conclusion, the social and environmental impact of those oil and gas exploration and production activities and its implications for an independent East Timor nation-state are discussed followed by some recommendations for action.