The development of Austrian society in the nineteenth century was beset by enormous difficulties, including sharp social-class differences, an economic base that was developing all too slowly and unevenly, and, distinct from most of Western and Central Europe, a multiplicity of competing ethnic and religious groups. Against this backdrop, Education and Middle-Class Society in Imperial Austria, 1848-1918 - the first English-language book on the topic - examines Austria's educational system, which Gary B. Cohen characterizes as one of the major accomplishments of government and civil society under the Habsburg Monarchy in its last decades. By 1910 Austria's secondary schools, technical colleges, and universities, pushed by a growing popular demand and pressures from local governments and interest groups, enrolled percentages of the school-aged population that roughly equaled, and sometimes exceeded, those in Germany. The rising social and political competition of Austria's ethnic and religious groups encouraged the expansion of education, and Czech and Polish national groups and the Jewish and Protestant religious minorities benefited particularly from the growing enrollments. These widening opportunities enabled lower-middle-class and even some working-class youth to join the modern educated middle classes. Only in light of the developments that are examined here can one understand the recruitment and formation of the bureaucrats and professionals who led the Austrian Republic and the neighboring states of East-Central Europe in the decades after 1918.