P I. Principles of Performance Measurement: 1. Introduction Peter C. Smith, Elias Mossialos, Sheila Leatherman and Irene Papanicolas; P. II. Dimensions of Performance: 2. Population health Ellen Nolte, Chris Bain and Martin McKee; 3. Patient reported outcome measures and performance measurement Ray Fitzpatrick; 4. Measuring clinical quality and appropriateness Elizabeth A. McGlynn; 5. Measuring financial protection in health Adam Wagstaff; 6. Health systems responsiveness: a measure of the acceptability of health-care processes and systems from the user's perspective Nicole Valentine, Amit Prasad, Nigel Rice, Sivana Robone and Somnath Chatterji; 7. Measuring equity of access to health care Sara Allin, Cristina Hernández-Quevedo and Cristina Masseria; 8. Health system productivity and efficiency Andrew Street and Unto Häkkinen; P III. Analytical Methodology for Performance Measurement: 9. Risk adjustment for performance measurement Lisa I. Iezzoni; 10. Clinical surveillance and patient safety Olivia Grigg and David Spiegelhalter; 11. Attribution and causality in health-care performance measurement Darcey D. Terris and David C. Aron; 12. Using composite indicators to measure performance in health care Maria Goddard and Rowena Jacobs; Part IV. Performance Management in Specific Domains: 13. Performance measurement in primary care Helen Lester and Martin Roland; 14. Chronic care Martin McKee and Ellen Nolte; 15. Performance measurement in mental health services Rowena Jacobs and David McDaid; 16. Long-term care quality monitoring using the inteRAI common clinical assessment language Vincent Mor, Harriet Finne-Soveri, John Hirdes, Ruedi Gilgen and Jean-Noel Dupasquier; Part V. Health Policy and Performance Management: 17. Targets and performance measurement Peter C. Smith and Reinhard Busse; 18. Public performance reporting on quality information Paul G. Shekelle; 19. Developing information technology capacity for performance management Thomas D. Sequist and David W. Bates; 20. Incentives for health-care performance improvement Douglas A. Conrad; 21. Performance information and professional improvement Arnold M. Epstein; 22. International health system comparisons: from measurement challenge to management tool Jeremy Veillard, Sandra Garcia-Armesto, Sowmya Kadandale and Niek Klazinga; P. VI. Conclusions: 23. Conclusions Peter C. Smith, Elias Mossialos, Sheila Leatherman and Irene Papanicolas; Index.