The present survey is the second in a series of household surveys that allow for tracking of HIV and associated determinants over time using the same methodology. The present survey is also the first national-level repeat survey. The interval of three years allows for an exploration of shifts over time against a complex of demographic and other variables, as well as allowing for investigation of new areas. The findings are intended to inform the national Comprehensive Plan for Prevention, Treatment, Care and Management of HIV/AIDS. Technological developments have allowed for new biological tests to be conducted on samples gathered in the survey. This 2005 survey provides the first nationally representative HIV incidence estimates. The addition of HIV incidence testing into the survey protocol allows a simultaneous analysis of HIV prevalence and incidence that significantly improves our understanding of the current dynamics of HIV transmission in South Africa. Such information is vital to informing interventions and systems of support. It also contributes to improving the accuracy of models for projecting existing and future trends in relation to HIV and AIDS.