Settlement of the lands of the Southern Tswana, incorporated since 1977 into the sovereign republic of Bophuthatswana, formed from former homelands in the Orange Free State, Transvaal and northern Cape Province, South Africa. The scope of the study is the Tlhaping, Rolong and Tlharo chieftaincies that lived between the Vaal and Molopo rivers, who were colonized as the Crown Colonies of Griqualand West, 1871-1880 and British Bechuanaland, 1885-1895, and annexed afterwards to Cape Colony. The Rolong living in present-day Botswana are excluded from the study.