The only person to rise from entry-level analyst to Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and to serve on the White House staffs of four Presidents, Robert M. Gates knows firsthand the deepest secrets of the Cold War. Drawing on his personal experiences in the CIA and on the National Security Council staff in the White House, as well as on intimate knowledge of CIA documents and activities never before revealed, Gates tells how the Cold War was really fought. From Nixon's detente policy to Reagan's arming of the Mujahedin in their war against the Soviets in Afghanistan, he tells the true story of American policy toward the Soviet Union, placing special emphasis on the White House and the CIA. Gates shows that, contrary to conventional wisdom, there was extraordinary continuity of policy from one President to the next, most strikingly from Carter to Reagan: the former laid the foundations for many of the latter's policies, including CIA covert action in the Third World, efforts to undermine the legitimacy of the Soviet regime at home, continued strategic modernization, and the conduct of economic warfare against the USSR - policies all dramatically expanded and pursued with enthusiasm by Reagan. Brimming with eyewitness accounts of historic meetings, epic internal battles over policy, secret missions, covert operations, and other intelligence activities, From the Shadows challenges much of the conventional wisdom about the events and personalities of the period. Among Gates's revelations: Carter's covert program to encourage the dissident movement and provoke ethnic unrest in the USSR, and how the State Department and the CIA secretly collaborated to block the effort; CIA predictions of a conservative coup against Gorbachev and the collapse of the Soviet Union, two years before these events occurred; CIA and KGB "black operations" against each other; the secret relationship between Pope John Paul II and the Kremlin; the three secret CIA-KGB "summits."