Although it was the first permanent European settlement in the Delaware River valley, the New Sweden colony has long been ignored by American colonial historians. To right this omission, and to mark the 350th anniversary of the founding of the New Sweden colony, the University of Delaware sponsored an international conference, "New Sweden in America: Scandinavian Pioneers and Their Legacy" in March of 1988. This event brought together twenty-eight scholars from Sweden, Finland, and the United States who represented several fields, including history, anthropology, and geography. The conference papers, collected in New Sweden in America, present the first look at the New Sweden colony since the advent of modern historical methods. . The essays in this volume examine the economic and social lives of a political entity, as well as its political structures. The topics discussed include an examination of the European environment from which the colonial venture came, the colonists' relations with the Native Americans, and the Swedish and Finnish settlers' adaptation to colonial life. The essays depict seventeenth-century Sweden as it emerged from its traditional ways and isolation into the dynamic world of Western European international politics and trade, and the failed attempts to bring European mercantilist policies to New Sweden. The fascinating stories of the trade between the Swedish and Dutch settlers and the Susquehannock and Lenni Lenape Indians, the development of pidgin languages to facilitate the trade, the devout Lutheran religious observations of the colonists, and the introduction of Finnish construction methods (especially the log cabin) are all described in this volume. To encourage further scholarship in this field, the contributors identify topics for future study and delineate where original colonial documents may be found on both sides of the Atlantic.