Prior to Hitler's occupation of Czechoslovakia, nearly 120,000 Jews inhabited the regions that would become the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; by 1945, all but a handful had either escaped or been murdered by the Nazis. This pioneering study gives a definitive account of the Holocaust as it was carried out in the German successor state to Czechoslovakia, exploring in depth the policies that shaped Jewish life there, from forced labor to concentration camp deportations. Drawing on extensive new evidence, Wolf Gruner demonstrates how the Holocaust's implementation was the complex result of direct coordination by Berlin as well as specific national and local authorities.