Developments in Iranian Kurdish areas are indirectly evaluated in relation to the Kurdistan Independence Referendum and the Islamic Republic's ferocious repression of Kurdish movements (predominantly driven by the theocratic regime's fear of broader domestic opposition). The chapter contributions center on the question of how past U.S.-Kurdish relations could shape the future of U.S. preferences in the region. Scholars in the field examine whether the United States will ever support Kurdish autonomy movements, and if so, under what conditions.