Santiago de Guatemala was the colonial capital and most important urban center of Spanish Central America from its establishment in 1541 until the earthquakes of 1773. Christopher H. Lutz traces the demographic and social history of the city during that period, focusing on the rise of groups of mixed descent. During these two centuries the city evolved from a segmented society of Indians, Spaniards, and African slaves to an increasingly mixed population as the formerly all-Indian barrios became home to a large intermediate group of ladinos. Based on extensive research using Indian tributary records and parish marriage and baptismal registers, this study is the first to examine the long-term demographic evolution of a major colonial Latin American city. Lutz analyzes marriage patterns, a key to the transformation of Santiago's population, identifying which groups most frequently intermarried and the trends in intermarriage during the period. The book also tells the story behind the numbers: the decline of Indian barrios and resulting problems for Indian tribute collectors; the persistence of black-market bakers and food vendors trying to earn a living; constant attempts by individuals to secure a higher status for themselves and their children; and the colonial authorities' use of racial division to maintain the status quo. The history of the evolution of a multiethnic society in Santiago also sheds light on the present-day struggles of Guatemalan ladinos and Indians, who remain subordinated and in competition, and the problems that continue to divide the country today. This ground-breaking work of Central American urban and social history should interest colonial Latin American historians, anthropologists, ethnohistorians, historical demographers, sociologists, and those who seek a better understanding of Guatemala's complex society.