The central problem to which this book is addressed is the poverty and low levels of production in the world's less-developed countries: The present study is organized around a concept of development sharply distinguished from that of growth of national income and defined in terms of individual economic behavior and economic relationships. Long-term development policies are then derived in terms of education, infrastructure, and economic institutions, factors which are the special responsibility of government. In the short term, the book discusses production, trade, and distribution at a low level of development, carefully separating analysis from policy.