This work examines the actual effects of urban planning in a comparative framework largely based on the UK and California. The planning process has been under attack throughout Europe and North America for a decade and more; this book takes the criticisms seriously and looks closely at what has actually happened. Its conclusions are critical and radical: that major changes are called for, such as the abolition of "green belts", more permitted development, and a greater concentration on environmental impacts. Through a detailed analysis of studies of the effects of planning, the book compares low levels of urban containment in California with much higher levels in the UK; some comparative insights are also drawn from the pre-conflict Yugoslavian planning system. The analysis shows that many of the serious criticisms of planning are valid and leads to the conclusion that some sacred cows - notably "green belts" - should be abandoned.; This book should be of interest to students, researchers and professionals in planning, geography and urban studies. It also provides authoritative analysis and perspectives for a wider readership concerned with the planning process and its effects, not least in terms of the growing awareness of the need for environmentally appropriate measures.