This book represents the fully edited proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Poisonous Plants which was convened in Fremantle, Western Australia in September 1993. This symposium brought together botanists, chemists, biochemists, agricultural scientists, and veterinary and human health researchers from around the world. The research reported is both fundamental and applied, addressing all aspects of plant-associated toxins with relevance to human health, animal health and productivity, human and animal medical research, safe food production, and improved productivity and commercial returns for agriculture.