This book provides a comprehensive analysis of gender differences and similarities in test performance. Based on a review of current research as well as extensive new data, the authors describe results for different types of knowledge and skills in nationally representative samples, as well as major high-stakes tests. They also present data on grades, accomplishments, and patterns of experience and interest that play a critical role in the development of young women and men. The book examines the implications of these patterns and other research evidence on a number of questions and identifies seven important issues in fair assessment.